Correlates of intimate partner violence against women during a time of rapid social transition in Rwanda: analysis of the 2005 and 2010 demographic and health surveys

Thomson, Dana R.; Bah, Assiatou B.; Rubanzana, Wilson G.; Mutesa, Leon

doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0257-3

Table 2 Bivariate associations of physical or sexual IPV in the last 12 months with behavioral and socio-demographic characteristics

From: Correlates of intimate partner violence against women during a time of rapid social transition in Rwanda: analysis of the 2005 and 2010 demographic and health surveys

	2005				2010				Source Questionnaire
	N (weighted)	% IPV	95 % CI	X²	N (weighted)	% IPV	95 % CI	X²
				p-value				X²
				p-value				p-value
Beliefs and behaviors
Emotional violence by partner last 12 months				<0.001					Women
No	1432	19.4	[17.4,21.5]		Not
Yes	105	84.7	[76.4,90.5]		available
Woman beat partner unprovoked last 12 months				<0.001					Women
No	1535	23.7	[21.6,25.9]		Not
Yes	9	82.4	[49.0,95.8]		available
Woman’s father beat mother				<0.001					Women
No	1028	20.4	[18.1,23.0]		Not
Yes	507	31.5	[27.4,35.8]		available
Partner consumes alcohol very often				<0.001					Women
Never or sometimes	1358	19.8	[17.8,21.9]		Not
Very often	184	54.3	[46.5,61.8]		available
Partner believes a man can beat his wife				0.188				0.003	Men
0 reasons	1196	23.2	[21.0,25.7]		1638	47.9	[45.2,50.5]
1+ reasons	347	26.9	[22.2,32.3]		407	56.1	[51.5,60.6]
Woman believes a man can beat his wife				0.108				<0.001	Women
0 reasons	828	22.5	[19.8,25.4]		879	43.7	[40.4,47.0]
1+ reasons	718	25.9	[22.9,29.2]		1165	54.0	[50.9,57.0]
Woman involved in her own health decisions				0.134				<0.001	Women
Partner only, other	654	26.1	[22.8,29.7]		553	56.6	[52.0,61.0]
Woman involved	892	22.6	[19.9,25.6]		1494	46.9	[44.4,49.5]
Woman involved with decisions about her earnings				0.249				<0.001	Women
Partner only, other	65	32.5	[23.5,43.0]		224	64.8	[58.0,71.1]
Woman involved	217	26.1	[20.3,32.8]		1079	48.3	[45.2,51.3]
No earnings	913	22.7	[20.0,25.6]		534	45.0	[40.7,49.4]
Not working	347	24.8	[20.4,29.7]		206	51.4	[44.9,57.9]
Partner had sex with non-wife last 12 months				0.552				<0.001	Men
No	1468	24.0	[21.8,26.2]		1971	48.7	[46.4,51.1]
Yes	78	26.7	[18.5,36.8]		75	71.0	[60.9,79.3]
Woman says it is okay to refuse sex				0.709				0.008	Women
No	485	24.7	[21.2,28.5]		445	55.4	[50.3,60.3]
Yes	1059	23.8	[21.2,26.6]		1600	47.9	[45.4,50.4]
Woman says it is okay to request use of condom				0.927				0.008	Women
No	848	24.0	[21.1,27.2]		445	55.4	[50.3,60.3]
Yes	695	24.2	[21.1,27.6]		1600	47.9	[45.4,50.4]
Socio-demographics
Woman’s age				0.739				0.091	Women
15–19	18	18.7	[7.5,39.7]		29	29.9	[17.3,46.4]
20–29	620	25.4	[22.3,28.8]		870	48.0	[45.0,51.0]
30–39	547	23.4	[20.3,26.7]		737	51.3	[47.6,54.9]
40–49	361	23.2	[18.5,28.8]		411	51.0	[45.1,57.0]
Difference in partner and woman age				0.706				0.638	Women & Men
Woman older	238	25.4	[20.5,30.9]		360	50.2	[45.2,55.2]
Same age, partner 0–4 years older	691	24.8	[21.7,28.3]		945	49.2	[46.0,52.5]
Partner 5–9 years older	369	22.0	[18.1,26.4]		477	51.3	[46.6,55.9]
Partner 10+ years older	248	23.9	[19.2,29.5]		265	46.5	[40.4,52.6]
Household wealth				0.516				0.005	Household
Top 4 quintiles	1229	23.7	[21.5,26.1]		1689	48.2	[45.7,50.7]
Bottom quintile	317	25.6	[20.7,31.1]		358	55.8	[50.8,60.6]
Household residence				0.084				0.037	Household
Urban	187	19.4	[14.7,25.1]		259	43.4	[37.7,49.4]
Rural	1360	24.7	[22.5,27.2]		1788	50.4	[47.9,52.9]
Polygynous couple				<0.001				<0.001	Women
No	1388	22.3	[20.2,24.5]		1926	48.2	[45.9,50.5]
Yes	156	40.2	[32.7,48.2]		116	70.0	[59.7,78.6]
Woman’s children				0.040				<0.001	Women
Has no children	101	14.1	[8.7,22.1]		138	30.8	[23.1,39.7]
Has at least one son	1195	24.9	[22.4,27.5]		1558	51.9	[49.2,54.6]
Has daughters only	250	24.5	[20.0,29.6]		351	46.4	[41.6,51.2]
Number of children <15 in household				0.229				0.003	Household
None	95	16.2	[10.4,24.4]		131	34.2	[27.0,42.2]
1 or 2	592	23.7	[20.4,27.4]		881	49.7	[46.5,52.8]
3 or 4	611	25.8	[22.5,29.5]		763	51.5	[47.9,55.2]
5+	249	23.7	[18.6,29.7]		272	50.8	[44.3,57.2]
Number of adults in addition to couple in household				0.087				0.167	Household
None	1042	26.1	[23.6,28.7]		1343	50.8	[48.3,53.3]
1 or 2	393	20.8	[16.4,26.1]		558	48.8	[44.1,53.6]
3+	111	16.8	[9.4,28.3]		146	40.2	[28.9,52.7]
Partner’s employment				0.628				<0.001	Men
Employed, for cash	700	25.1	[22.0,28.4]		1630	47.7	[45.1,50.3]
Employed, in - kind	202	23.9	[18.9,29.7]		390	58.4	[54.1,62.6]
Not working	636	22.9	[19.8,26.4]		25	34.9	[17.4,57.7]
Partner’s education				<0.001				0.020	Men
Less than secondary	1376	25.6	[23.3,28.0]		1804	50.6	[48.2,53.1]
Secondary or higher	170	12.2	[8.3,17.7]		243	41.4	[34.3,48.8]
Woman’s employment				0.204				0.002	Women
Employed, for cash	264	28.3	[23.2,34.1]		1165	52.9	[49.8,55.9]
Employed, in - kind	773	23.7	[20.8,26.9]		464	45.1	[40.4,49.8]
Not working	507	22.6	[19.2,26.4]		419	45.1	[40.8,49.5]
Woman’s education				0.002				0.073	Women
No school	438	22.5	[18.9,26.6]		396	48.3	[43.1,53.5]
Primary	988	26.1	[23.5,29.0]		1458	50.8	[48.1,53.5]
Secondary or higher	121	13.2	[8.6,19.6]		193	42.1	[35.2,49.2]
IPV overall^a	1546	24.1	[22.0,26.3]		2047	49.5	[47.2,51.8]

^aCovariate frequencies may not add to total due to missing responses

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